Modern Business Environment Assignment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2157 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Business Management Assignment Question 1 In the modern business environment, ethics as well as values play an integral role in business sustainability. Ethics may be defined as the written or unwritten moral principles that govern a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or individuals actions within an organisation while values, in a business sense, may be seen as certain standards or principles considered valuable or important in life, such as attitudes towards topics like truth, justice and honesty(Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 95). Ethics and values have become a paramount necessity to successful contemporary business outfits. In recent yearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s people, policy makers, and businesses themselves have been focused on manufacturing products and using services that are of a positive ethical nature (Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 92). Further proof of an increased attention to ethical practices may be seen in the growth in demand for ethical inv estment products, organic produce and fair trade (Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 92). Due to this elevated consciousness of ethical practices in business, organisations should ensure that application of favourable ethics and values are always upheld, else various consequences which threaten the sustenance of the business may arise as an organisation which is perceived as being unethical to the public-eye will influence the organisation in a negative manner. Once knowledge of unethical behaviour has been made public, credibility of the business may come under scrutiny as customers and consumers of the organisations products and/or services may choose to boycott the business entity. This will in turn diminish the image, brand and reputation of the business and result in a lack of sales in products and services thus resulting in an inability to make profit. Once the reputation of a business has been damaged it is often difficult to rebuild a good name for the organisation. Furth ermore, due to its tarnished reputation, the business may find it hard to keep hold of its most valuable employees as well as recruiting new ones due to the fact that no one would like to work for a company with a poor reputation. Investors as well as suppliers will also tend to overlook any association with businesses that have a poor image as it may be detrimental to their own images and reputations. As a result, the process of sustaining the business entity will become more challenging. A lack of ethics and values in an organisation may also lead to unfavourable employee performance. In many cases employees tend to become greedy and almost obsessed with financial gain to such an extent that standard business procedure and protocols are not followed in the correct manner which then results in additional work completion to correct errors. As a result of employees unethically working only for personal gain, performance of the organisation and its ability to satisfy customers will decline in conjunction with the ability to sustain the business. On the other hand the ethical employees may feel that their approach to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“life in the workplaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is not as beneficial as those unethical employees and this may cause a lack of motivation and therefore a decrease in productivity from the ethical employee. Internal employee relationship is another factor that may be harmed by poor ethical behaviour and a poor set of personal values. Whistle blowing whereby an employee or person in association with a business entity reports and/or raises concern about illegal activity and other unethical behaviour to those in authority is an example of an ethical issue that affects employee relationships (Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 97). By doing so other employees often tend to treat the whistle blower differently, usually in a more negative manner and this puts the whistle blower in a difficult situation. The whistle blower often becomes an outcast in the workplace and is seen as a traitor by the organisation (Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 98). Sexual harassment where a member and/or members from the work force make unwanted sexual advances to other member/members of the work force, as well as, plagiarism where someone elseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ideas are used without appropriate acknowledgement are examples of other modern ethical issues (Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 99). Unethical behaviour in general may also cause tension between the employees of the company. Leaders such as managers in an organisation should always set an example of positive ethical practice. Leaders who do not set such an example may find that employees of the company also behave unethically and as a result there is a sense of mistrust and disunity amongst employees which is detrimental to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s productivity and thus the businesses ability to sustain itself. A more recent example of an ethically challenging situation may be seen with the organisation Enron. This American business had grown to be one of the largest organisations within the USA, employing 21000 staff in more than 40 countries (BBC, 2002). However due to poor and unethical management within the business entity, the organisation was forced into bankruptcy in the year 2001. Managers and Leaders within the company had become avaricious and wanted to live beyond their needs (Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 92) and as a result lied about profit and concealed debts so that they would not show on the companies accounts (BBC, 2002). In addition to the unethical behaviour of leaders within the business, management had sold their shares for enormous amounts of capital and advised employees to invest their pension in shares of the business entity. When the company had eventually filed for bankruptcy thousands of employees had lost their jobs and received only a measly amount of funds from their share investments (Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 92). Today Enron provides a perfect example of how unethical practices and lack of values can influence the sustainability of a business in a negative manner. The Networking organisation, Cisco on the other hand is a company which pride themselves on their positive ethical behaviour. Over the past five consecutive years Cisco has been recognised as one of the Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most ethical companies (Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 92). As a result Cisco is a well known brand with an impressive reputation in its field expertise. This company has the luxury of having strong customer and consumer relationships as well as employees who are motivated to work for the company and therefore Cisco is an organisation with a strong ability to sustain itself within the modern age of business. Considering both of the situations within the organisations Enron and Cisco, it furthermore becomes obvious that Ethics and values play an enormous role in terms of business susta inability. Unethical practices as well as poor sets of values may lead to the poor reputation or eventual liquidation of the company while positive ethical behaviour and a good set of moral values may improve the image, reputation and brand of the corporation. As a result modern companies have used a number of techniques in an attempt to eliminate unethical behaviour. Most modern business outfits tend to use a Code of Conduct which acts as a guideline for how employees should behave within the organisation (Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 96). Multiple countries also use the law to ensure ethical practice within businesses. Corporations which fail to follow the ethical procedures set out by the government may find themselves receiving a fine or paying other penalties detrimental to the businesses. Question 2 Leadership or the ability to guide and motivate groups of people in order to achieve common goals (Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 232) is paramount to the succes s of any business entity. On a daily basis leaders will often strategise and coordinate the activities in the workplace in order to achieve multiple organisational objectives. The people who provide leadership within the business entity can therefore be seen as the link between employees and the objectives of the organisation. In order for an organisation to be successful, the business entity should meet its goals and objectives. For the organisation to meet these objectives employees are needed to perform the work. As a result employees often need guidance on how to go about in doing their jobs. It is here where leaders and leadership skill play an integral part. A leader will often supervise and supply his/her employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s with direction and ideas on how to tackle problems. In doing so not only is the leader contributing to the success of the business in the present but also training the employees so that they become valuable members of the corporation and contri bute to the future success of the business outfit. Another important aspect in business success, of which leadership is involved, is motivation. Motivation may be described as any incentive which causes employees to work towards the objective at hand (Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 251). Leaders have the responsibility of ensuring that subordinates are well motivated and complete their tasks/jobs in an efficient manner. Just like in Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hierarchy of needs, different people have different levels of needs. As a result businesses have multiple incentives that motivate employees to maximise their performance, such as, promotion, bonuses, salary increases etc. In some cases employees may even be motivated to work for their leaders due to abundance in charisma and other exceptional leadership traits such as proficient communication skills and a strong emotional intelligence to handle the pressures of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“work placeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . These manager leaders act as an inspiration for subordinates and therefore get the optimum performance from the employees of the company to ensure favourable business performance and successful business ventures. A motivational leader in conjunction with an enthusiastic work force may also be beneficial to the success of the organisation due to the fact that employees who are willing to work for their companies and its leaders often contribute to the organisation much more than the employees who arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t. As a result leaders who let employees express themselves in the work environment often have a greater influx of ideas and this give the organisation the advantage of being more innovative and creative than competitors thus improving the business and its chances of success. Communication is a fundamental leadership skill which vastly contributes to the success of organisations worldwide. Business entities with an exceptional communications arrangement or set-up are able to c onstantly exchange valuable information between the different departments of the organisation. The latest trends in terms of needs and wants, information about various competitors and other types of important information are examples of data which leaders can effortlessly pass on to employees through the use of different communication mediums. A leader with virtuoso communication skills will also be able to comfortably pass on his/her vision to employees so that the subordinates clearly understand the direction that the business and leader wish to take as well as the employees individual role within the business entity. Efficient communication also positively contributes towards favourable productivity levels and also restricts confusion and misinterpretation in the working environment. Modern communication mediums include face-to-face conversations, phone calls, faxes, email and videos etc. (Nieuwenhuizen Oosthuizen 2014, p. 252). A strong leader is able to contribute to the su ccess of an organisation by correctly managing conflict within the business outfit. Conflict is often recognised as natural behaviour within the work environment. There are two types of conflict which may arise in the work place. Functional conflict where the disagreement supports the organisational objectives and dysfunctional conflict where employees are disrupted and prevented from achieving organisational objectives. Functional conflict therefore may be beneficial to the organisation as it may result in a wider range of creative opinions and better decision making within the group of employees. On the other hand dysfunctional conflict often causes disunity and unrest amongst employees thus decreasing their performance and ability to reach organisational goals. It is therefore the job of the leader to ensure that conflict within the work force is managed correctly and is beneficial to the business entity. A modern example of an accomplished leader is Sir Richard Branson. Richa rd Branson is the founder of the Virgin Group organisation consisting of more than 400 companies worldwide (LiveYourLegend, 2012). Being dyslexic, Branson always found school academically challenging and found it difficult to keep up with his peers. However, in the year 1972, at the tender age of 16 Branson started to show his extraordinary leadership prowess and had started his Virgin brand by opening a chain of record stores (Entrepreneur, 2013). Today Branson is one of the wealthiest people in the world and he may be recognised as a talented Transformational leader due to his vision based on change, creative outlook and continuous involvement in entrepreneurial activity. Richard Branson is also considered to be gifted leader due to his ability in taking calculated risks. As a young business owner Branson was often charged with tax irregularities and even had to put his motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s house up as collateral (Moneycation, 2013). Branson also firmly believes in the use of functional conflict due to that fact that he employs an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“open doorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  policy where his employees should feel free to give their input and opinions on the matters at hand(Moneycation, 2013). Another example of a Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Modern Business Environment Assignment" essay for you Create order

John Locke s Views On Education - 879 Words

John Locke was a philosopher, doctor and political theorists of the 17th century. He was one of the founders of the school of thought known as British Empiricism. Mr. Locke made foundational contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal government. He was also influential in the areas of theology, religious toleration, and educational theory. During his services at Shaftesbury, John Locke had been writing. He published all of his most significant works within six years of following his return to England. Locke’s â€Å"Essay Concerning Human Understanding† outlined a theory of human knowledge, identity and selfhood. In his â€Å"Thoughts Concerning Education†, Locke argued for a broadened syllabus and better treatment of students. Ideas that†¦show more content†¦Later life he attacked boarding schools for their overemphasis on corporal punishment and for the uncivil behavior of pupils. Between 1652 and 1667, John Locke was a student at Christ Churc h, Oxford, where he focused on the standard curriculum of logic, metaphysics and classics. He also studied medicine extensively and was an associate of Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle and other leading Oxford scientists. Locke spent his final 14 years in Essex at the home of Sir Francis Masham and his wife, the philosopher Lady Damaris Cudworth Masham. Locke suffered from health problems for most of his adult life. In particular, he had respiratory ailments which were exacerbated by his visits to London where the air quality was very poor. His health took a turn for the worse in 1704 and he became increasingly debilitated. He died on 28 October 1704 while Damaris Masham was reading him the Psalms. He was buried at High Laver, near Oates. He wrote his own epitaph which was both humble and forthright. John Locke was one of most influential to educationalist theory. They believed that children were born as blank slates, beginning their lives morally neutral. From this point of view, infants were neither inherently good or inherently evil. A child s nature and personality would develop over childhood, a period of time during which the educationalists believed a child was particularly impressionable. Adults surrounding aShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke s Theory Of Religious Tolerance884 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Locke, a 17th century English philosopher is remembered for his great contributions to three issues that was important during his time and still concerns us today. The three topics Locke covered during his lifetime was how to handle people with different religion, determining who should rule, and how to educate our children. Locke developed theories from the three topics because they played a central role in his life. 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As a Christ Church graduate, Locke largely discusses in his writings the state of nature, the concept of naturalRead MoreSocial Contract Theory On The Origin Of State1110 Words   |  5 Pagesvoluntary and deliberate agreement on the part of the people those who emerged from the state of nature, in order to form a state based on a contract between the people and the sovereign and is not made by the god and thus implies that the state is a man`s deliberate creation to serve his needs. The core idea behind this theory is an assumption that there was a period in human history, when there was no state at all and no political law existed. The idea that the power to the ruler is given based on someRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment And The Scientific Revolution1675 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence for the future American society and planted the way for cultural and humanistic enrichment. The Age of the Enlightenment raised new concepts in education, democracy, and human freedom. 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The question of religion and politics has been an issue in American societyRead MoreEssay about The View of Self1177 Words   |  5 PagesThe View of Self The view of the self and the theory of personal identity are one of the most interesting topics in the world of philosophy. It attempts to answer the question as to what makes the person now the same person that existed a year (or any period of time) ago. The world is constantly evolving and becoming more technologically proficient; ones identity is becomingRead MoreRene Descartes s Philosophy And The Science Of Philosophy1114 Words   |  5 Pagesbear on the empiricists. John Locke was born in 1632 in England and went to the University of Oxford according to Biography.com. At the University of Oxford, Locke studied medicine which was an integral part of his life. Thus, this led to his being a highly influential philosopher, leading to help find modern Western philosophy (Biography.com). 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Megan Fox Free Essays

Writing is one of the greatest forms of creativity, allowing you to express your opinion and voice on anything you feel or any knowledge you want to share. It is also a vital learning skill to have in the workforce, as your writing skills can be reflected upon the way you communicate and present yourself. Everyone’s different writing style shows their personality, allowing you to have an understanding of what the person is really like through their own words on paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Megan Fox or any similar topic only for you Order Now For me, I’ve always considered writing to be one of my favorite subjects throughout my years of school. My interest sparked at a young age when I started reading books at school, and decided to take it upon myself to write my own stories. I’d spend hours at home creating different short stories and hoped that someday I’d get them published, which of course didn’t happen, but it made me realize that writing was something I really appreciate. I loved the freedom of it and being able to write down exactly what was on my mind, so that I’d never forget a certain thought, idea, or story in my head that I wanted to remember. Later on, I discovered I also enjoy writing when it is based on a certain topic, such as research papers on a particular historic figure, or research findings and my thoughts on an issue or topic. I like becoming more knowledgeable on a subject as it can provide you with information on things you never knew about, but find very fascinating. A few times in high school, for example, I remember having to do a couple of 8-10 page research papers that I absolutely dreaded, but when I was done I felt a sense of accomplishment and was happy to have learned something new. As of now, I look forward to improving my writing skills through further studying and practice. I believe writing is a crucial method of communication that you will need to be successful in whatever career you choose. Often, the methods of communication used include email, letters, and reports, all of which require adequate writing skills that you will need to make yourself look professional for your chosen career. I believe writing also improves your speech by being able to articulate your opinions clearly and concisely, as well as widening your vocabularly by coming up with new ways to say what you want to say. My main goal in becoming a better writer is to be able to come up with creative ideas and develop insight on things that I never knew. I want to be able to broaden my mind further and bring this new information with me throughout my life. How to cite Megan Fox, Papers

Canterbury Tales Interpretive Essay Example For Students

Canterbury Tales Interpretive Essay The Evil Side of Human Nature Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales became one of the first ever works that began to approach the standards of modern literature. It was probably one of the first books to offer the readers entertainment, and not just another set of boring morals. However, the morals, cleverly disguised, are present in almost every story. Besides, the book offers the descriptions of the most common aspects of the human nature. The books points out both the good and the bad qualities of the people, however, the most obvious descriptions are those of the sinful flaws of humans, such as greed and lust. One of the peoples traits affected by human nature in many stories is greed. As shown throughout, greed is an evil sin. This is especially obvious in the Pardoners Tale, where the Pardoner, a church-appointed official who collects gold for absolving people their sins, tells about the evils of money. In the story, three friends, who wanted to make the world better by killing death, find gold, and unwilling to share, start planning to kill each other. Two friends sent the third to bring them food and wanted to kill him after he came back. The victim, however, also wanted the money, and poisoned their drinks. As a result, all three friends die. Thus were these two homicides finished,/ and the false poisoner too. (Chaucer 365). Even though Chaucers conclusions are not expressed and actually are very different from what the Pardoner says, Chaucer manages to convey his message to the audience. In the Reeves Tale, greed and envy caused two young students and the Miller to trick and steal from each other. This Miller has done me great mischief, and I will not leave without first finding his daughter (The Reeve). In the end, the students sleep with the Millers wife and daughter, and the Miller ends up beaten and losing many of his possessions, but the story doesnt justify the students, the stealing, or even the greed itself. Chaucer leaves it up to the readers to make their own conclusions. The Canterbury Tales also present a number of shockingly bizarre for their time descriptions of lust and adultery. In a lot of stories old men in their sixties are shown having young wives, which was probably common in Chaucers times. In one example, from the Merchants tale, old January, unwilling to die single, decides to marry, but demands that his wife must be younger than twenty. Later in the story, Januarys young wife cheats on him in a tree after he had gone blind. He cast two eyes up to the tree,/ and saw that Damian had managed his wife/ in such a way as may not be expressed/ unless I would speak discourteously. (Chaucer 293). In the example from the Wife of Bath, lusty human nature led one of the kings knights to raping a girl. It happened that he saw a maiden/ walking before him, alone as she was born./ And from this maiden then, against her will,/ and by pure force, he took her maidenhood. (Chaucer 223). Again, even though neither the knight, January, nor his wife May suffered any serious consequences in the end, and everything turned out almost fine for all three of them, Chaucer clearly shows how grossly inappropriate their actions were, and the moral of each of the stories can be easily understood by the readers. The traits depicted as the most affected by human nature in The Canterbury Tales are sometimes most easily found in anybody, which is why the readers may actually recognize themselves in some of the characters. Such technique let the readers relate to the characters and probably contributed to the books immense popularity over the centuries that passed since .

Develop between Sherlock Holmes Essay Example

Develop between Sherlock Holmes Essay Write an extended introduction to Sir Arthur Conan Doyles short stories. Set them in their cultural and literacy context. Prepare a new reader for the differences in use of language. Show, with close reference to the central characters in the three stories you have studied, how Sir Arthur Conan Doyle reveals his own keen intellect as a medial practitioner piecing together diagnostic evidence from a series of small details. Explore the psychology of the relationships which develop between Sherlock Holmes and the people he has dealings with. Explain why the character of Sherlock Holmes as a fictional detective has endured in the public imagination. Sir Arthur Conan Doyles creation of Sherlock Holmes is one of the most exciting figures in all of English fiction.  Doyles stories about the eccentric, but brilliant detective and his trustworthy observations were apparently based on one of his teachers at the University of Edinburgh, where he studied medicine. There is evidence of his own medical training at Edinburgh arises from time to time in Sir Arthur Conan Doyles detective stories.  Sherlock Holmes appeared in a total of 60 stories, written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and was published between 1887 and 1927. The Sherlock Holmes stories were written in the late 1890s where Queen Victoria was on the throne. The story is set in the Victorian times, where the only types of transport around which people used were the trains drawn horse and carriages. We will write a custom essay sample on Develop between Sherlock Holmes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Develop between Sherlock Holmes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Develop between Sherlock Holmes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The stories were set as a serial, published in the Strand magazine. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle aimed his stories at a working class audience. The magazines containing the stories were sold in London near train stations, and newsagents where people would stop to buy it. People read these magazines for sheer entertainment, whilst they were travelling to work. The mysterious mysteries, would hook the audience to buy the next magazine to find out what happens next. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses many fictional devices to convey an impression of suspense and mystery. They are placed throughout the story to ensure that the reader is always guessing as to what happens next. The style of writing and language used to tell the story and present clues to the audience is set in such a style it is invigorating and reels the audience in. For this piece of coursework I have read three pieces of similar literature; The Speckled Band, The Red Headed League, and The Engineers Thumb.  The two main characters of these stories are the infamous Sherlock Holmes and his companion, Dr Watson. Sherlock Holmes is the expert in solving mysteries. On the front page of these stories it says, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. It doesnt mention Dr Watson. This suggests that Holmes is the main character, and he is the dominate one. Holmes is the one who readers look to, to solve the mystery. Having read the stories myself, I found that Sherlock Holmes is the one with the answers to everything, unlike his acquaintance, Watson, who is a novice at solving crimes. All the Sherlock Holmes stories are written in first person. The stories are told by Dr Watson. The author, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is also a doctor. When Watson describes his clients he describes them with the finest detail. Sir Arthur Conan Doyles medical language comes into the story, by using his character Watson. For example, when Watson introduces Jabez Wilson in The Red Headed League, he describes Wilson as a very stout, florid-faced, elderly gentleman with fiery red hair. Watson also states that Wilson has small fat encircled eyes. Doctors are trained to pick up on physical appearance, which has come through in the text. The image is very descriptive, which gives the audience more of a life like vision to what the character looks like. The language is exceedingly formal and polite between Holmes and Watson. From the dialogue in the text, Watson tends to be exaggerative with his formalness towards Holmes. For example, when Watson interrupts Holmes in a conversation, he says I apologise for the intrusion, forgive me. When Holmes disturbs Watson by waking him up early in the morning he says, Very sorry to knock you up Watson. The reason for the difference in the formal language spoken between both Holmes and Watson could be to show the audience that Holmes is more superior to Watson, so therefore he needs to show more respect towards him. This could also be because of the hierarchy, if you had a respectable profession, you would be looked upon with respect from the people below you. The formal language spoken in the narrative is spoken differently from the Victorian times to nowadays, back then they were more polite.

Enervation essays

Enervation essays The enervation of Hoards Path On the misty morning of September, yellow leaves fell as the water crippled the path of the rocks that lay between the erratic waves that stung the water like a cacophonous bee. The lake was surrounded by a huge park named Hoards path. The first time I entered the park a strong aversion came upon me. The mystery of the park held heavily on me and I wondered about the caricature of the waves which puzzled me about the dependability of the waves staying where they were and not blowing me into the lake like a dog that was being pulled in because of the coercion of the waves. When I reached a consensus with my friends about going there in a week we were all exited about exploring the place. My friend knowing of this place warned we about the daunting stories he had heard abut the place and that a kid died a few years ago. The body was never found. On Sunday we headed down the prodigious slope of the Hoards path. The fresh scent of the air gave me a scrupulous outlook on what was to come ahead for us. As we traveled down the volatile slope we felt that the slope was trying to usurp our power and bring us down to the floor. We kept right through the tracks of the slope as the rain water came sprinkling down on us. It was more difficult to reach there since the water made it much more difficult. At about 2:00 PM we reached Hoards path. As we reached the lake to refresh ourselves we felt that someone was watching us. The uneasy levity of this situation from my friends gave me a troubled look. The odd thing is that nothing happened that night. Actually we went there every day to play and relax in the park and we even swam in the lake. I was thinking how such a dark place could make me feel at home. I referred to it as a capricious place always changing its mind as if ...

Transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Transportation - Essay Example This paper seeks to explore general aviation and its influence on flight training as its sub-topic (Williams, 2011). Flight training uses Fits Approach, which focuses to modify safety. The program emphasizes on pilot decision making, flight simulation, flying skills learned in a cockpit, and self evaluation. It uses bad pun to counter challenges presented by the current, diverse environment hindering learning to fly. Virtual aviator also uses Fits approach in virtual flying-acting as a scoring system used to gauge series of adventures that help hone basic flying skills. The core concepts of Fits program entail situational awareness, risk management, single management of resource pilot, and decisions of aeronautical nature. This approach works as an ultimate goal that decreases aviation accidents, and address perennial crashes caused by pilot errors. It helps in measuring certain goals, missions to fly, address challenging situations prompting routine flights like changes in weather, passenger pressures, and equipment malfunctions (Williams, 2011). Modern aircrafts are tested to limit the load, wings and airframes that an aircraft carries. The airframe structure is mounted on a test fixture where it flexes for hours. The FAA profile controls loads in an airplane, especially, during flight. The tests take years because they have divisions of safety factor. The FAA also has an intensive aging aircraft program for inspecting the airplane. The program is thorough than for younger airplanes. A pilot receives training to acquire a certain rating administered by an examiner with authority. A pilot goes through certain raining and checks to pass certain types ratings (Williams, 2011). Online delivery of training expands the aviation business prospects. It brings engineers and aviation maintenance experts from all over the world. There are online classes where students learn, track their performance and get certified. The students are diverse in their

What I can do for RWU community if I was a vice president for them Essay

What I can do for RWU community if I was a vice president for them - Essay Example The most efficient means of gathering data from the chosen sample of students would be using questionnaires or surveys and semi-structured interviews. Questionnaires and surveys enable the capture of a lot of information in a non-threatening way especially if the questionnaire is elaborate, accurate and clear. (Carter, 2010) However, in the event of improper wording in the questionnaire, student responses can be biased and might not give the needed information. Therefore, this method needs to be complemented with semi-structured interviews, which would provide more information especially when it is conducted as if it is a conversation making interviewees feel relaxed. The next group of stakeholders of RWU community is the employees. The interests of RWU’s employees can be collected from them through the use of observational techniques and questionnaires. Through observation, the information regarding the conditions that the employees work in and the systems or operations they have to undertake on a daily basis can be easily acquired. This information can be evaluated and the needs of these important stakeholders reviewed and analyzed. However, the behavior of employees during the observation might not reflect their true normal behavior hence the need to use questionnaires which would help in collecting the required information quickly. (Carter, 2010) The questionnaires would have to be very detailed and clarity enforced in each question. For employees, their interests may be of a very personal nature therefore confidentiality must be guaranteed in order for the employees to reveal their opinions and interests in depth. The interests of the local community in Bristol, Rhode Island where RWU is situated must also be taken into consideration. For this to be done, focus groups can be used to collect the opinions of the people. Sampling of the local community needs to be done in a proper demographical scale to cater for the needs of all

NATO Involvement in Libya Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NATO Involvement in Libya - Essay Example The US and NATO applied force to save the civilians who had been subjected to a no flying zone and arms embargo by the UN Security Council. Critics have it that the US and NATO involvement in Libya crossed the borders of permission by the UN Security Council to protect the civilians against attack by Libyan forces. Some reports such as that published by the Arab Organization for Human Rights, the International Legal Assistance Consortium, and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights indicate that NATO committed war crimes and violated human rights (Shabi 12).   However, others are on the positive side in that the mission helped in the maintenance of peace by protecting the civilians against anti- Qaddafi forces. The alliance stressed its efforts to protect the civilians despite drawing numerous criticisms. This intervention has proved the alliance to be a strong pillar in the event of ending international crises and a stable foundation worth of support. I totally disagree with the c ritics’ allegations that NATO operations led to death and destruction of property since the war was contrary to the people’s ambitions, and that the non-violent protests would have been a success the same way it was witnessed in Tunisia and Egypt. (Ivo and Stavridis par 5) Effectiveness of NATO involvement The intervention in Libya cannot be considered as war since their operations were legitimate and in compliance with war powers resolutions of the UN Security Council. According to the council, the use of force to protect citizens is legalized. In the event of highly populated areas experiencing the effects of war, there is freedom to enforce a no-flying zone and arms embargo. Also, in the process of protecting the citizens, the US forces do not engage in open fire exchange with the conflicting parties, ground troops or any other violent method in their operations. The sending of the Qaddafi family to Tunisia was an attempt by the NATO to reduce the escalating hostili ties against his family by the Libya citizens. The lack of engagement of ground troops in a hostile exchange cannot be termed as war in the realm of military operations. Qaddafi’s plan to cleanse Libya house by house was a serious issue on humanitarian grounds, which aroused the US and NATO forces to intervene and save the country from the ordeal. They pledge their loyalty to one weapon; the responsibility to act (Obama 2011). In addition, the operations in Libya cannot qualify to be termed as war considering the budget incurred at the time. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan led to the expenditure of hundreds of billions of dollars compared to fewer than one billion dollars that was spent in the Libyan crises. According to the US Constitution, the Pentagon usually has an emergency fund of one billion for military matters that are not approved by the congress. The coalition’s attempt to help civilians overthrow Qaddafi did not employ force. It is not part of their duty t o transform a government but to protect, enhance peace and enforce a no-flying zone as noted in Obama's Speech on Libya. The operations in Libya are considered legal. The US intervention in the war was in line with the war powers resolution of allowing the president to act in the event of threat of its territories as well as protecting civilians against manslaughter. On the same note, NATO allies got involved in the operation according to its command and for those who did not have the capacity to participate materially, political support was given. Various

Dental Caries In Children Health And Social Care Essay

Dental Caries In Children Health And Social Care Essay Our team has decided to investigate the epidemiology of dental caries in Scottish children, below the age of 16 inclusively from the 1970s to present. Scotland has the highest prevalence of tooth decay in Europe.1 This is evident from the numerous data sources ascertained. There are associated inequalities found in geographic and socio-economic subgroups which are at the forefront of dental caries prevalence in Scotland. The combination of bacteria with small food particles and saliva creates a sticky film on the tooth which is commonly known as plaque. 2 Over consumption of sugary food and drink, which is high in carbohydrate, provides the bacteria with the energy it needs, whilst producing acid simultaneously. 2 If this plaque is neglected, it will erode the tooth causing dental caries.2 In Scotland there is a sweetie culture,3 where sugary snacks are too readily available and so consumption levels are damaging childrens teeth. As a result the Scottish government are making efforts to assess the problem and subsequently trying to resolve it. Assessment of Caries And Prevelence Measurement The classification of dental caries is done by several sets of criteria, the primary one being the DMFT (decayed/missing/filled teeth) which divides the population into two groups and gathers the mean from each of decayed missing and filled teeth. Its measured from 0 to 32 in terms of affected teeth for people over the age of 12 and from 0 to 20 in children.4 The prevalence portrayed by this measurement has seen a marked decrease in caries in children from 2.16 in 2006 to 1.86 in 2008.5 Its been of paramount importance to the Scottish Government in assessing the levels of caries in children and giving them direction in terms of policy making and goal setting. This is evident from the Graph 15 portrayed in the appendix, which displays the decrease in caries, which in this instance displays decay that goes in to the dentine (d3mt) since the 1980s, with the mean age of children being 5.54 years old.3 This marked decrease has allowed the government to target specific areas of Scottish so ciety to enable an even further reduction in prevalence in caries and employment of even more defined classification models. Another method used for assessing dental caries in preschool children in Scotland is the DCRAM (Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model). This statistical analysis tool provides an appropriate risk assessment model to determine incidence in a community setting. The DCRAM collects data from one year olds, and uses this data to predict caries incidence over a three year timeframe, to when they are at the age of four. Data is collected following a dental and microbiological examination and from information received via parental questionnaires.6 This type of model makes it easier to differentiate people into different sub-groups so as to investigate the differing incidence levels of oral ill-health within these sub-groups, for example urban and rural differences in dental caries of five year old children in Scotland.7 Here Scotland was split into six different geographies, namely the four big cities (Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee and Aberdeen) to the smaller rural areas. The findings of this st udy were that the children in rural areas had a better level of dental health than those living in urban areas (mean DMFT of 1.87 for all of Scotland, the four cities 2.16, other urban 1.81, accessible towns 1.88, remote towns 1.86, accessible rural 1.31, remote rural 1.34).5 Socioeconomic factors have been attributed to the cause of caries in Scotland, where deprivation is positively and significantly associated with having d3mft.8 In a three year follow up study undertaken it was obvious that a serious level of DMFT imbalances between the upper class (SEG1) of society and the lower class (SEG2) existed. As noted the percentage improvements found in SEG1 were up to three times larger than those in SEG2.9 This study undertaken in the 1980s led to the development of further classification tools to give greater transparency. The DepCat scale divided communities into socioeconomic groups from 1 (most affluent) to 7 (most deprived). In doing so it applied the DMFT to reveal high levels of inequality with findings in this study ranging from 62.4% (DepCat 1) to 19.8% (DepCat 7).10 Although this looks ominous there is evidence to portray a 13 point improvement between 2006 and 2008 in the most deprived areas (DepCat 7).5 Further evidence of a decreased DMFT can be seen on Graph 25 in the appendix. With this the employment of a newer scale The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation1 will ensure further study and reduction of caries in the deprived. Epidemiological principles, methods, tools and information are applied in every aspect of public health from policy setting at macro level to decision making at individual level,11 therefore making the collection and cohesion of information highly important. The result of this work by the Scottish government and health officials has given us tangible trends to decipher the level of dental caries in the country. Graphs 312 and 412 in the appendix clearly portray the level and improvement in dental caries in Scotland. It is given expectation and focus to the government in their implementation of preventive measures for the future. Evidence-based Population-based Prevention Strategies Pit and fissure configuration on tooth can harbour bacteria and lead to dental caries. Prevention of dental caries would be most efficient when the interaction between the host, causative agent and favouring environmental factors is inhibited. Fissure sealant is a primary prevention approach as it diminishes the risk of getting dental caries by enhancing resistance against the bacteria. A systematic health review published by NHS Health Scotland outlines fissure sealants as one of the early childhood caries prevention measures. Three studies were carried out on children under five years old to prove sealants are effective against occlusal dental caries depending on the retention rate, type of sealant and method of application.13 Rather than treating sequel of dental caries, preventive sealants are considered cost-effective compared to expensive restorative procedures. However, an article by Department of Paediatric Dentistry, University of Glasgow, Scotland addressed the efficiency of sealants depends on several factors. Caries are more susceptible in molar tooth, at highest risk during post-eruption period and whether resin-based or glass ionomer fissure sealants were to be chosen is influenced by moisture control.14 If sealants are used for all cases and risk assessment is neglected, this will reduce the cost-effectiveness. On the contrary, fissure sealants are effective against dental caries only if retained. Sealants require vigilant management that they must be replaced over time. Glasgow Dental Hospital and School reported out of 7000 sealants applied by private practitioners in Scotland, 23% of failed sealants end up carious after 4 years. This study concludes that maintenance of originally sealed fissures is vital for success sealants in long run.15 The study concluded that dental caries are bacterial, regardless of age and the process of wearing sealants would be of the same in any age group. The use of fluorides, on the other hand, in either topical (mouth rinsing solutions, tablets, toothpastes) or systemic (fluoridated water, milk or salt) forms, has shown to have a positive effect on the prevention and reduction of dental caries experience among children and adolescents, globally.16 Although fluoridation of water is considered one of the ten main achievements of public health interventions,17 its real advantages to public health remain controversial.18 Scotland rejected artificial water fluoridation amidst public complaints of its harmful side effects, namely fluorosis or mottled teeth.19 Over the past 50 years in the UK, fluoridated toothpastes have played a crucial role in the declining trends of dental caries in children (in terms of reduced DMFT scores and overall oral health.) 20,21 There is also consensus about 1000ppm Fluoride concentration per toothpaste as optimal for ensuring protection from dental caries, and has proved to be 25% more beneficial in preventing tooth decay.22 Systematic review carried out by the University of Dundee reinforces the superior preventive effect of fluoride toothpastes compared to placebos (addition PF, 24.9%.)23 Researchers and public health authorities have unanimously placed fluoride toothpaste as the method of choice for preventing caries, as it is convenient and culturally approved, widespread, and it is commonly linked to the decline in caries prevalence in many countries.20 One of the chief concerns associated with consumption of fluorides is the incidence of fluorosis. Systematic reviews of studies carried out across the UK indicate a positive correlation between the concentrations of fluoride and dental fluorosis.24 Moreover, there are two major concerns associated solely with topical fluoride use- a) noncompliance with tooth brushing regimens and b) chronic overconsumption of toothpaste among children leading to increased risk of fluorosis.20 While some studies claim that fluoridated water is associated with higher incidence of diseases like bone fractures, senile dementia or cancer; no conclusive evidence has been reported.24 Other concerns of fluoridation like its effects on immunity, reproductive health and GI effects have also not shown to be clinically significant.25 A third prevention strategy called Childsmile was fully running since 2011. It is a children orientated, oral health promotion programme driven by the NHS. The aim is to improve the overall oral health of all children across Scotland and reduce inequalities in dental public health and access to related services.26 Childsmile has three components, the Core, which is applied to all Scottish children, provides fluoridated toothpaste and toothbrushes till five years of age and advocates supervised tooth brushing. 26 The Practice component allows new parents to register easily with local dental practices and is educated on oral health, such as tooth brushing methods and diet. Risk assessments are used to identify children at high risk, who are then provided with varnish and fissure sealants. 26 The third component, Nursery and School, provides twice per annum fluoride varnish applications to those living in the most deprived local quintile of Scotland under the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SMID). 26 In 1996, the Greater Glasgow Health Board introduced a community-based oral health promotion for five year olds in the most socially deprived areas in Glasgow, comparable to Childsmile, which involved establishing Oral Health Action Teams (OHATs). 27 OHATs main goals are very similar to Childsmiles, including supervised tooth brushing, providing information to parents and supporting local dentists to further promote oral health. A follow-up study was done and the D3MFT values has shown to decrease from 5.5 to 3.6 and from 6.0 to 3.6 respective to DepCat 1 and 2 communities and the mean D3MFT values of 5 year olds was reduced in all DepCat 7 communities from 4.9 to 4.1. This change was of sufficient magnitude to impact upon area-wide statistics for Glasgow. 28 This suggests that oral health education interventions do give a positive impact on the population if it is implemented rigorously. Even though dental treatments are now relatively more advanced and effective, it is difficult for the whole population to benefit from these treatments, due to cost and access, as a prevention strategy for further tooth decay. Hence, it would be wiser to put into place public health strategies to get the knowledge to the general public and to promote the idea from young that prevention is better than treatment for oral health. But even with these health promotion programmes, there is evidence that shows how it is not a sustainable way to stop poor oral health because they do not tackle the main underlying cause. This leads to an ethical dilemma; creating a bigger inequality gap of access to oral healthcare, with those being in higher SES groups actually benefitting more than those who are in much more need of these service in the most deprived population. Discussion / Conclusion xxxxx Search Strategy For our project we began with a general search of dental caries on PubMed. There were numerous articles published from around the world so we narrowed it down to UK and Ireland and South America, as there were plenty of relevant articles for these regions. It was later decided that the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, PubMed and Cochrane library provided a number of articles for Scotland and Brazil. Using certain parameters like age (0-16 years old) it was decided that our project would be focussed on the dental caries of children in Scotland and articles produced between 1973 and present day. Keywords used to refine the search included children, fluoridation, fissure sealants and government studies amongst others. We used the advanced search option on PubMed with a combination of keywords such as Government Interventions AND Dental caries Scotland to review steps taken by the Scottish Government in recognising dental caries in children and also treating the problem. For the epidemiology section of the project we found articles using keywords epidemiology, dental caries, Scottish children. We found 107 relevant articles that were eventually narrowed to give us the most pertinent approaches taken in Scotland to diagnose dental caries, such as DCRAM (Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model) and the NDIP (National Dental Inspection Plan). Searches based on individual interventional approaches were then carried out, yielding 17 results for DCRAM on PubMed and 16000 results for NDIP on Google Scholar. The studies were reviewed and chosen only if they met the criteria we wished to discuss throughout project, such as, age (0-16 years old), social background and residence i.e. Rural v Urban setting. We also did not include articles and studies published before 1973.We also used articles produced by the NHS and took these as official and accurate. For review of prevention strategies, we decided to use fissure sealants, fluoridation and the public health strategy of Childsmile as our main areas of discussion in terms of intervention. After comprehensive research using our chosen electronic databases- MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, we narrowed the expansive intervention of Fluoridation to the use of Fluoridated Toothpastes as we realized that artificial fluoridation was rejected by the Scottish government and that toothpastes were hence the most ubiquitous form of fluroide intake in Scottish children. A search on pubmed with keywords Fluoridated Toothpastes initially yielded 125 results, which were then narrowed using additional limits of Full Free Text and English Language. Similar limits were applied to searches of Fissure Sealants and ChildSmile, yielding 33 and 4 results, respectively. For reviews evaluating the efficacy of these interventions, we depended mostly upon PubMed and Cochrane Library. A seach with the advanced limits of English Language, Free Full Text Available and type of article-Systematic Review yielded only 1 result on Pubmed for Fissure Sealants, 3 for ChildSmile and 15 for fluoridated tootpastes. We feel our results provide an accurate review of dental caries in children in Scotland between the ages of (0-16). References Scotland.gov.uk Scottish Health Boards Dental Epidemiological Programme National Dental Inspection Programme 2011 [updated Wednesday 21 September 2011: cited October 17, 2012]. Available from http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Health/TrendDentalHealth What did dr beisma say about long url? National Health service. Causes of Tooth Decay. Available from http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dental-decay/Pages/Causes.aspx (Reviewed 07/07/2012)(Accessed 01/11/2012) http://www.nurseryworld.co.uk/news/994927/Sweetie-culture-culprit-tooth-decay/ Department of Health Hong Kong. Measuring tooth decay and gum disease. Available from http://www.dh.gov.hk/english/pub_rec/pub_rec_lpoi/files/ohse2.pdf (accessed 20/10/2012). Merret MC, Goold S, Mcall DR, CM Jones, LMD Macphearson, ZJ Nugent GVA Topping. National Dental inspection of Scotland. Report of the 2008 survey of P1 children in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Dental Epidemiological Co-ordination Committee ; 2008. McRitchie HM, Development of the Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model (DCRAM)Risk model development using a novel application of CHAID analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiology 2012; 40(1):37-45 Levin KA, Davies CA, Douglas GV, Pitts Nb. Urban-rural differences in dental caries of 5-year old children in Scotland. Social Science Medicine 2012; 71(11):2020-2027. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19307245 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2379088 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10226726 Bailey L, Vardulaki K Langham J Introduction to epidemiology.P10 4th ed. England: McGraw HIill; 2009. Macpherson LMD, Ball GE, Conway DI, Edwards M, Goold S, McMahon A, OKeefe E, Pitts NB Watson S. Report of the 2011 Detailed National Dental Inspection Programme of Primary 7 Children and the Basic Inspection of Primary 1 and Primary 7 Children. Scotland: Scottish Dental Epidemiology Coordinating Committee; 2011 Poobalan A, Prevention of early childhood caries: A systematic review. 2008; 122. Welbury R, EAPD guidelines for the use of pit and fissure sealants. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2004; 5(3):179-84. Chestnutt IG, Schafer F, Jacobson AP, Stephen KW: The prevalence and effectiveness of fissure sealants in Scottish adolescents. Br Dent J. 177:125-29, 1994. Peterson PF, Lennon MA: Effective Use of Fluorides for the Prevention of Dental Caries in the 21st Century: The WHO Approach. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004; 32: 319-21. OÃÅ'  Blackwell Munksgaard, 2004. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999a; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999 Richards,D :Water Fluoridation: Controversy or Not? Editorial, Evidence-Based Dentistry (2002) 3, 31; doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400120. Available from www.nature.com Craig, J: Presidential Address. Br Dent J. 2005 May 28;198(10):597-9 (pubmed) Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A: Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents (Review) The Cochrane Collaboration, The Cochrane Library, 2009. Curnow MM, Pine CM,: A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of supervised toothbrushing in high-caries-risk children Caries Res. 2002 Jul-Aug;36(4):294-300. Scottish Children Brush Away Tooth Decay. British Dental Journal 199, 698 (2006) Published online: 10 December 2005 | doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4813051. Available from www.nature.com date accessed? Topping G, Assaf A.: Strong evidence that daily use of fluoride toothpaste prevents caries. Evid Based Dent. 2005;6(2):32. Dental Health Services Research Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK. McDonagh S: Systematic Review of water fluoridation BMJ. 2000 Oct 7;321(7265):855-9 (PUBMED/www.bmj.com) MRC working group report. National Health Services Scotland. About Childsmile NHS Health Scotland. [homepage on the Internet]. 2010 [cited 2012 Oct 24]. Available from: National Health Service Scotland, Childsmile Web site: http://www.child-smile.org.uk/professionals/about-childsmile.aspx Blair YI Evaluation of NHS Greater Glasgow oral health action teams: A report from the monitoring and evaluation subgroup of the OHAT steering group, November 2005. Glasgow: NHSGGC; 2005. Blair Y, Macpherson L, Mccall D, Mcmahon a. Dental health of 5-year-olds following community-based oral health promotion in Glasgow, UK. Int. J of Paediatric Dentistry 2006; 16:388-398.

The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman :: essays research papers

In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the wallpaper is a symbol which represents the narrator’s personality. Since the initial description of the rented mansion, eeriness is present throughout the story. â€Å"Still I will proudly declare that there is something queer about it. Else, why should it be let so cheaply? And why have stood so long untenanted?† (paragraph 3). These questions, posed by the mentally ill narrator, imply a strangeness regarding the mansion. The narrator’s initial description of the wallpaper claims, â€Å"The paint and paper look as if a boys’ school had used it. It is stripped off—the paper—in great patches all around the head of my bed, about as far as I can reach, and in a great place on the other side of the room low down. I never saw a worse paper in my life. One of those sprawling, flamboyant patterns committing every artistic sin.† (paragraph 32). This is an unusual description for wallpaper in a mansion. The fact that it is stripped off in great patches suggests an uneven and unbalanced appearance or personality. The narrator continues, â€Å"It is dull enough to confuse the eye in following, pronounced enough constantly to irritate and provoke study, and when you follow the lame uncertain curves for a little distance they suddenly commit suicide—plunge off at outrageous angles, destroy themselves in unheard-of contradictions.† (paragraph 33). Here, she describes herself through the eyes of John and her brother, both practical, logical physicians.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The narrator believes that people see her as she sees the wallpaper, which, in turn, is how she sees herself. In paragraph 78 she states, â€Å"I can see a strange, provoking formless sort of figure that seems to skulk about behind that silly and conspicuous front design.† This is initial evidence of the narrator beginning to use the wallpaper as a way to see herself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wallpaper also serves as a distraction to the narrator, who often spends hours analyzing its distinct features. â€Å"It is as good as gymnastics, I assure you. I start, we’ll say, at the bottom, down in the corner over there where it has not been touched, and I determine for the thousandth time that I will follow that pointless pattern to some sort of a conclusion.† (paragraph 93). In addition to a visual description of the wallpaper, this information is the narrator’s means of analyzing her personality.

Meat Science and Animal Nutrition

I want to get a masters degree in animal industries in order to prepare for my future career. There were two options I’ve been considering, consisting of meat science and animal nutrition. Both options, I believe, would help me land a career in concerned government agencies. It would also open the doors to further studies, such as veterinary medicine, should I decide to pursue it.From the two options I am leaning more in favor of taking up meat science, as it is more concerned with food safety and nutrition. I am interested in understanding factors that affect the nutritional value and consumer acceptability of meat, which eventually lead to consumer health and satisfaction.I believe that meat science is not a popular choice for people, but it is equally important to ensure the health of the public. I could gain knowledge that should be shared and disseminated to people.Thus, this course could equip me with the knowledge I need to serve in government agencies such as the Unite d States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service, and be a food safety specialist who answers questions of consumers regarding food preparation, storage, and handling. The importance of the role I could play towards protecting the health and safety of the public is a good reason for me to pursue this course.

Free Essays on When Jesus Came The Corn Mothers Went Away

In 1519, Hernando Cortà ©z, a Spanish Conquistador and explorer sailed west from the already settled island of Cuba. He arrived on the coast of Mexico. He and his troops hiked for days until they reached a valley where they discovered the beautiful Aztec Empire. Cortà ©z and his men eventually conquered and destroyed the Aztec Empire, taking away all its riches. On the ruins of the empire Cortà ©z began a new city named Mexico. This city became the center of government for a new Spanish colony. The Spaniards’ next goal was to find another Mexico City - a "new" Mexico. They hoped to find another Indian Empire full of gold and precious stones like the Aztec Empire. In the late 1520’s, Alvar Nuà ±ez Cabeza de Vaca was shipwrecked off the coast of Texas. Knowing that Cortà ©z had established Mexico City, Cabeza de Vaca and his men marched south. Cabeza de Vaca had three other men with him, two Spaniards, and one black slave named Estevanico. The three men finally reached Mexico City and told of the places they had seen along the way. So much land north! They were sure they had just missed finding another large empire. Soon a journey north was organized. Estevanico and Fray Marcos de Niza, a priest, were the first to journey north. They took with them some Indian servants. After passing the Arizona desert Estevanico and Fray Marcos split up. Estevanico reached a place called Cibola and the Indian town called Hawikuh (an area in west New Mexico). "In May of 1539, as preparations were being made to call the Katsina to bring rain, the Zuni warriors of Hawikuh spotted a black Katsina approaching from the west. The Katsina was unlike any they had seen before". The people of Hawikuh thought Estevanico was a god. They showered him with gifts in hope of gaining his blessings. It was figured, by an elder, that Estevanico was not a god, but an enemy. He must have been one of the men whom they heard about years before. He was one... Free Essays on When Jesus Came The Corn Mothers Went Away Free Essays on When Jesus Came The Corn Mothers Went Away In 1519, Hernando Cortà ©z, a Spanish Conquistador and explorer sailed west from the already settled island of Cuba. He arrived on the coast of Mexico. He and his troops hiked for days until they reached a valley where they discovered the beautiful Aztec Empire. Cortà ©z and his men eventually conquered and destroyed the Aztec Empire, taking away all its riches. On the ruins of the empire Cortà ©z began a new city named Mexico. This city became the center of government for a new Spanish colony. The Spaniards’ next goal was to find another Mexico City - a "new" Mexico. They hoped to find another Indian Empire full of gold and precious stones like the Aztec Empire. In the late 1520’s, Alvar Nuà ±ez Cabeza de Vaca was shipwrecked off the coast of Texas. Knowing that Cortà ©z had established Mexico City, Cabeza de Vaca and his men marched south. Cabeza de Vaca had three other men with him, two Spaniards, and one black slave named Estevanico. The three men finally reached Mexico City and told of the places they had seen along the way. So much land north! They were sure they had just missed finding another large empire. Soon a journey north was organized. Estevanico and Fray Marcos de Niza, a priest, were the first to journey north. They took with them some Indian servants. After passing the Arizona desert Estevanico and Fray Marcos split up. Estevanico reached a place called Cibola and the Indian town called Hawikuh (an area in west New Mexico). "In May of 1539, as preparations were being made to call the Katsina to bring rain, the Zuni warriors of Hawikuh spotted a black Katsina approaching from the west. The Katsina was unlike any they had seen before". The people of Hawikuh thought Estevanico was a god. They showered him with gifts in hope of gaining his blessings. It was figured, by an elder, that Estevanico was not a god, but an enemy. He must have been one of the men whom they heard about years before. He was one...

A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency Essays

A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency Essays A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency Essay A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency Essay A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency BY sunytxtn19920410 Is it Addiction to Love or Disease to Please? Key words: codependence, personality, self, early childhood The codependency concept initially originated and evolved within the field of addictions (Hands and Dear, 1995). And in recent years, there has been some increasing interest in using it to bridge the gap between additive behaviors, their impact on family members, and systemic analysis about family dysfunction. As a result, term codependence prominences in the filed of mental health (Hogg Frank, 1992). Cermak (1986) proposes that codependence is both a legitimate psychological concept and an important human disorder, in which symptom includes external focus, excessive caring for others and difficulty in identifying the true self. By studying theory of codependency, I have introspected a lot, finding that some of my own personality traits fit well with the description of codependency. The project will be divided into four parts. Firstly, the project starts with the introduction and distinction of two co-related terms: love addition and codependence disease, with illustration of my own love experience during adolescence. Then, it comes to analysis the manifestation of codependence behaviors, especially related to the term of shame and dissociated self. Thirdly, this project will explore how childrens experience during early childhood impacts his or her disposition of being codependent. Finally, several critical approaches to the theory will be presented. In Women who love too much (1985), Robin Norwood describes women who gain their sense of mission by loving broken, emotionally needy man at expense of self-sacrifice and who blur the boundary of romantic love and suffering itself. She also notes that ometimes, it is through over-involvement in a one-sided, even destructive relation can women achieve sense of control and strength (ibid. ). That makes me connect with my own experience. Adam and I fell in love in high school. He was such a hot, smart guy, with bundles of admires, while I was Just an ordinary, plain-looking girl. Every minute I loved him, I felt fear to lose him. I could not convince myself that men like him would love me for my beauty or talent. I was really afraid of be abandoned. My only defense was to try to make him like me for other reasons. I was willing to do anything for him. I cleaned his room, made lunch for him everyday, and cheered for him during his every basketball game, never absent. IVe almost given up all my personal time to do things for him. Eventually, I did not even wait for him to ask for something, I fgured out what he might want, and gave it to him. Because only by giving could I feel useful and Justified my own existence. Gaining Adams approval for me is my only way to achieve self-esteem and self- actualization. However, it turned out that my niceness to Adam had opposite effect on our relationship. He dumbed me for several times. He explained to his brothers that he did not feel that much attracted by me. After all, all of his ex-girls are gorgeous and brilliant. I have to say that those words made my ego smashed. to beg for forgiveness. And, against all expectations, I accepted. When he got his knees down in front of me, sniveling to me how painful he was without me. I chose to believe him because I need to. But before long, Adam blew me off again. And that time, he explained that it is because I was too nice and that makes him bear too much pressure. I got nothing to refute but agreed tearfully. But once Adam came ack to me, I would say yes once again. I Just could not leave him. I was trapped in the circle of alternately painful and exhilarating of love addition. Even I know it clearly that this pattern of alternating approval and contempt, intimacy and rejection, idealization and devaluation is not healthy, even destructive. I could still not get rid of it. What Adam is to me is like what drugs is to its addict. Addictions to substance and to behavior share lot in common. Just like psychoactive substances such as marijuana, cocaine, alcohol and affect neurotransmission in various pathways of the rain to release chemicals that release nervous tension, the similar impact on the rate of neurotransmission occurs with various compulsive behaviors such as eating, spending or over-caretaking for others to avoid discomfort or social pains (Chelton et al. , 1985). I didnt fully understand that I am more strongly driven by my need to avoid the negative emotion and assault to my self-esteem of Adams rejection and disapproval than I am regain his love, until now. Although Norwood labels such relationship as love addiction, many mental health experts began to use the term odependence to describe essentially the same syndrome. Love addiction has been refined as personality disorder that refers to an enduring and identifiable constellation of inflexible and maladaptive personality traits, which predispose the individual to pathological forms of dependency (for both substance and behavior) (Haaken, 1993). Cermak (1986a, 1986b), points out that Individuals with such emotional disease of codependence usually have obvious symptoms such as avoidance, over-dependence, or self-defeating. It is suggested that codependents develop an excessive sensitivity to the needs of others. To attempt to feel connected to other person, codependents will deny or ignore their own needs. Ultimately, individuals suffer from profound void within the self. They got lost in the relationship. Personality is defined as characteristics that manifest on patterns of behaviors, which are consistent across situations and life. Therefore, it is essential for us to explore the codependent behavior first before we study this personality itself. According to Dears category (2004), codependent behaviors compose of four cores: 1 . Emotional suppression (e. g limited assertion, retarded conscious awareness, ) 2. Self- acrifice (e. g over caring for others at expense of neglecting their own needs,) 3. External focusing (e. g stay focus on others, construct self values on the base of others thoughts) 4. Interpersonal control (e. an entrenched responsibility in ones belief to fix other people problems or feel obligated to rescue them) The consequence that may occur with codependence behavior consists of two parts: a one-sided addictive relationship with substance or toxic person, and the over-reliance of approval and intimacy from others in order to actualize sense of security, self-worth and identity (Wegscheider-Cruse and Cruse, 1990). An interesting point: Timmen Cermak (1991) contends that the distinct between c odependence and other personality world. It is noticeable that, vast majority of codependents, according to Matiatios (2002), is what we may regard as perennial NICE people in our daily life. They are people who are always with warm smile; almost never refuse to do a favor. However, as Matiatos mentions, on the surface these people look happy and bubbly for all the time, but once they look inside themselves, they find nothing but emotional starvation, thus cause subsequent void, depression and even collapse. It is because hat codependents are over perceptive of others but not at all perceptive of themselves. Actually, I perceive myself as a Codependent according to the description above. Not only to Adam, I try my best to treat everyone Nicely. For example, in order not to forget any of my friends birthday, I took a memo on which to take down everyones birthday. I give them birthday gifts even if that means I will have less money to spend on my lunch. I speak to everyone with gentle voice and careful words, fearing that anyone might be offended so that people wont like me anymore. And gradually, IVe become one of the NICEST girls in life. And I enjoy the approval and reliance of my surrounding people. But I frequently get struck into depression or anguished feelings whenever I perceive that someone is not like me as much as I expected or one of my friends did not do anything in return of my pay. For example, when I was in high school, one of my best friends has once forgotten my birthday. No gift, no card, no phone calls, no happy birthday words, she Just did not show up the whole day. I was disappointed, in fact, devastated. I could not stop blaming myself. I believe that if anything goes wrong, it must be my fault. And how ould she do that thing to hurt me? But I was reluctant to go to her to assert myself or to ask why. And I did not manage to emancipate myself from that anguished feeling until she came to me to apologize for her carelessness next day. Till then, I realized how good I am at making myself bad. Just like Braiker (2003) suggests in the Disease to Please , though people-pleaser believe that they are excel at making others happy, the truth is that the real talent lies is making themselves inadequate and miserable. For some time I have been confused about one problem: why couldnt I get rid of my bsession to please others, even if I know it clear that behavior is toxic. hen looking deep into my mind, I think I got the answer: SHAME. I feel shamed of who I am. And I dont have belief in me worthy of love, approval or happiness. In my psycho-logic, only by fulfilling others expectation, can I avoid negative emotions such as rejection or anger towards me. The drive for approval stimulates me to pursue the emotion satisfaction in the same ways even with the pre-knowledge that I might get hurt. For people-pleasers, they are accustomed to camouflaging their true feelings with mask f chronic niceness (out of debilitating fear of conflicts, abandonment and disapproval) (Frances and Miller, 1990). Even worse, the symptom of codependence may develop into dissociation, which is defined by Chu (1998) as a disruption of the normal integration of experience. To explore the formation of personality trait of Competence, we first understand the basic mechanisms that determine all the behaviors. In general, Human behaviors fall into two main categories: innate behavior, which is encrypted into biological code that is our birthright, the other kind of behavior is so-call acquired or learned. Ryckman, 2008) Behavior is determined by experience, based on the principle of reinforcement or conditioning (ibid. ). role of environment stimuli plays the dominant role in ones shape of personality. It is suggested that codependence develops as the result of long-term exposure to a dysfunction family environment in where either (a) physical, sexual, or emotional abuse; (b) neglect; or (c) excessive trauma has been manifested. (Potter-Efron Potter-Efron, 1989a, 1989b). It is noticeable that the environment refers to individuals family of origin, in most cases. Dr. Peter Walker (2005), one of the leading experts in tudying development of childhood trauma, indicates that trauma- based families are most common scenarios where child developed Fawn (synonymous with Codependency) repertoire of instinctive responses to trauma. Fawn, with the definition given by Websters means: to act servilely; cringe and flatter, is defined as the core component of many codependents. (Walker, 2005) Take the growing up of my father as the example. He was raised in a single-parent family with my grandfather who was a heavy drinker then. Like most alcoholics, he changed his moods and behavior like chameleon. Most of time, he was a loving and warming father. But once he got drunk, he could be clod and withholding or irrationally angry and explosive. What worse, grandfather always hit my father and his younger sister when he lost mind after several drinks. And my father used to fght back against the violence, but he was too weak to win. And that protesting to abuse led to even more frightening retaliation. As a result, he relinquished the fght response. And to impose order on chaos, my father changed his strategy. He tried his best to be a nice and good boy to make his dad happy or satisfied. Because he reasoned that if the dad can keep pleased and approving, it is less likely for him to go out for drink, thus the consequence of intoxication will not be as bad. Even if he could not prevent the dad drunk, he learns that avoiding disapproval and criticism of his father is the safest means of survival. Being in a family environment filled with chaos or trauma, children will enter survival mode to protect themselves at the expense of abandoning their identification as children. Because of this sense of powerless, children quickly learned and then accustomed to ignore their inner feelings and needs. Thus, they reject introspection and ultimately disconnect with their self (Kuhot, 1999). And my fathers example demonstrates the point rather well. As an adult, he is both super- caring and super-sensitive. He is so kind and warm-hearted that he almost never refuses to do a favor. But on the other hand, he almost never asserts himself. Sometimes I find him exhausted on taking care of others instead of taking care of himself. However, not all codependents that embodied as approval addiction are from dysfunctional or troubled families. In some families, parents and children are bonded tightly. But the problem of codependence may still occur when parents use inappropriate way to induce child to form his or her value system. In particular, when love is used as a conditional rewards (Braiker, 2004). When child behave decently or show talent for some areas, which please parents well, the parents then labeled them as good, and presumably worthy of love. But once child makes mistakes or fails to performance well in school, the love will be withdrawn. That parental pattern is so-called conditional love, which will be devastating to children, because the parents are in fact setting the stage for their children to be approval ddicts (ibid. ). In the mind ofa little child, it seems that there is no distinct behavior. In families parents pattern of conditional love is frequently reinforced, the sense of the worthiness of the child as a person becomes enmeshed with his or her behavior. Following with that psycho-logic, children will no longer focus on their inner self, because who his or her existence depends on what they do. Doing good things is equated with to being a good person worthy of love. Likewise, doing bad things means you are a bad guy, which indicates that people will leave you alone, and thats hat you deserve. Children who were raised in such environment show an excessive concern with approval of people that they love and respect, especially their parents. To live up to their parents expectation, they even alienate them from their own desires and capacity to self-actualization. In addition, adult approval addicts will response to criticism with intense anxiety due to their emotional baggage from early childhood. And it is suggested that they do not know about their real needs of inner self at all. As for me, I feel very lucky since my parents have performed an unconditional love regard to me. Even if I misbehave myself in some occasions, they always keep telling me that Though you made mistake, I love you the same. Thus constructs the basis of my self-esteem: I am a whole human being, and my worth of being depends on who I am, not how others think I am. Nevertheless, I also found myself extremely obsessive about the approval from my mum. She is the most perfect creature IVe ever met on this planet. She is gorgeous, kind, brilliant, and tremendously strong. I have been worshiped my mum for years as idol. To gain her approval is highest honor and greatest encourage for me. As the result, I work hard to live up with her expectation for me, without asking myself what do I really want. Mellody (1989) suggests that it is generally accepted that codependency is pervasive phenomenon observed in everyday life and a personality disorder that treatment needed. As the popularity of appeal of the codependency construct increased, a more precise understanding of codependency has been stymied by the lack substantiate research, to test whether it is a useful diagnostic category (Cermak, 1986a). In addition, many scholars have called the utility and validity of this theory nto question (Haaken, 1990). Moreover, social and cultural factors have been neglected. Prest and Storm suggests (1988) that further exploration of codependence should focus more on similarities and differences among various ethic groups. Moreover, codependence theory is critiqued for its ubiquitous diagnosis which requires expensive professional treatment cost. And it has been controversial about the creation to diagnose codependence. For example, based on the definition of external focus on others, it can be concluded that each of us will be more or less diagnosed as having the symptom. Thus creates an ambiguous boundary to identify this concept. Moreover, critics towards its function of value proposition, the so-called selfish egoism. Because based on the existing framework, one can only be Judged normal or self-esteem when he/ she behaves extreme self-centric. However, as far as I am concern. The criticism which matter most is the gender bias underlying. Codependency is usually described as a typical famine malady. In fact, woman accounts for vast majority of 80 percent of membership in ACOA(Adult Children of Alcoholi) (Haaken,2002) It is controversial that whether therapist should treat odependency distinct psychiatric disorder (Dore et al. 1995). Based on a feminist roles in relationship. In conclusion, codependence is now acknowledged as a mental disorder, of which manifestation of addictive behavior. Patterned behaviors means that codependency can be defined as personality traits as well. In most cases, such personality traits are typical in trauma-based family, where children learn to survive through closeness of their inner world. However, it can be seen from the example of my growing that appropriate way of induce child to build their value system in early hildhood matters as well, or dysfunction will occur the same. Though experience a lot of controversy, theory of codependency inspired us to introspect of our inner world all the time. To ask you inner self, are you the real master of you mind and body? Words counts: 3070 Reference: Chelton, L. G. , Bonney, W. C. (1987). Addiction, affects and self object theory. Psychotherapy, 24, 40-46. Cermak, T. L. , (1986b). Diagnostic criteria for codependency. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 18(1), 15-20. Cermak,T. L. (1986). Diagnosticcriteriaforcodependency. JournalofPsychoactiveDrug ,18(1),15-20. Braiker. H. B (2003) the disease to please Publisher: McGraw-Hill Beattie, M. 1993) Codependent no more: how to stop controlling others and start caring for yourself . Center City, MN: Hazelden, York: Guilford. Hands, M. A. and Dear, G. E. , (1995) Codependency: A critical review. Drug and Alcohol Review, 13, 437-445. Hogg, J. A. and Frank, M. L. , (1992) Toward an interpersonal model of codependence and contradependence. OJournal of Counseling and Development , 70, 371-375. Haaken. J (1993) A1-Anon to ACOA: Codependence and restructure of caregiving Signs, vol. 18, NO 2 PP 321-345 Kohut, H. (1999). The analysis of the self. New York: International University Press. Lancer, D (2004) Shame: the core addiction to codependence. Mellody. P,. (1989). Facing codependence. San Francisco: Harper. Potter-Efron, R. T. , Potter-Efron, P. S. (1989a). Assessment of co-dependency with individuals from alcoholic and chemically dependent families. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 6(1), 37-57. OPotter-Efron, R. T. , Potter-Efron, P. S. (1989b). Outpatient co-dependency treatment. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 6(1), 151-167. (1988). The codependent relationship sof compulsive eaters and drinkers:Drawing arallels. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 16(4), 339-350. POTTER-EFRONR. , POTTER-EFRONP S. (1989). Assessment of codependency with individuals from alcoholic and chemically dependent families. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 6, 37-57. Ryckman, R. (2008) Theories of Personality. Belmont [Calif. ]: Thomson Wadsworth, Wegscheider-Cruse, S. , Cruse, J. R. (1990). Understanding codependency. Deeriield Beach, FL: Health Communications. Shaffer, H. J. , Robbins, M. (1991). Manufacturing multiple meanings of addiction: Time-limited realities. Contemporary Family Therapy, 17, 387-404.

Lightweight vs. heavyweight construction and their implication to Essay

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